Class 10 Notes

Class 10 Social Science Notes Chapter 6 (Manufacturing industries) – Contempory India Book

Philoid

Philoid

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Contempory India
Alright class, let's get straight into Chapter 6, 'Manufacturing Industries'. This is a crucial chapter, not just for your board exams but also forms a significant part of the syllabus for various government exams. Manufacturing is the engine of economic growth for any country, so understanding its nuances is vital.

Here are the detailed notes covering the key aspects:

Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries - Detailed Notes

1. Introduction: What is Manufacturing?

  • Definition: Production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products.
  • Examples: Paper from wood pulp, sugar from sugarcane, iron & steel from iron ore, garments from yarn.
  • Sector: Falls under the Secondary Sector of the economy.

2. Importance of Manufacturing Industries:

  • Backbone of Development: Considered the backbone of general and economic development because:
    • Modernises Agriculture: Provides machinery, fertilisers, pesticides, etc., reducing heavy dependence on agricultural income.
    • Reduces Unemployment & Poverty: Creates jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors, diversifying the economy away from solely agriculture. This was a key philosophy behind public sector industries in independent India.
    • Earns Foreign Exchange: Export of manufactured goods brings in valuable foreign currency.
    • Adds Value & Prosperity: Transforms raw materials into higher-value finished goods, increasing national prosperity. Countries that transform raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods are generally more prosperous.
  • Link between Agriculture and Industry: They are not exclusive; they move hand-in-hand. Agro-industries boost agriculture by raising productivity and providing markets, while industries depend on agriculture for raw materials.

3. Contribution of Industry to National Economy:

  • GDP Share: Over the last two decades, the share of the manufacturing sector has stagnated at around 17% of GDP (out of a total of 27% for industry including mining, quarrying, electricity and gas).
  • Comparison: This is lower compared to many East Asian economies where it is 25-35%.
  • Desired Growth: The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12% per annum.
  • NMCC: The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) was set up with objectives like achieving this growth target through appropriate policy interventions.

4. Industrial Location Factors:
The location of industries is complex and influenced by multiple factors. Key factors include:

  • Availability of Raw Materials: Bulky/perishable raw materials often lead industries to locate near the source (e.g., Sugar mills near sugarcane fields, Iron & Steel near mines).
  • Labour: Availability of cheap and skilled labour is crucial.
  • Capital: Investment funds are necessary for setting up and running industries.
  • Power: Consistent and affordable power supply is essential (e.g., Aluminium smelting needs cheap electricity).
  • Market: Proximity to markets reduces transportation costs for finished goods.
  • Government Policies: Policies like subsidies, tax breaks, infrastructure development influence location.
  • Infrastructure: Good transport (roads, railways, ports), communication, banking, and insurance facilities are vital.
  • Agglomeration Economies: Many industries tend to cluster together in urban centres to take advantage of shared services, infrastructure, and a pooled labour market. This leads to the growth of industrial clusters or agglomerations.

Ideal Location: An ideal location is where the cost of obtaining raw materials, cost of production, and cost of distributing the finished goods are minimized, leading to maximum profit.

5. Classification of Industries:
Industries can be classified on various bases:

  • (a) On the basis of Source of Raw Materials:

    • Agro-based: Use agricultural products as raw materials (e.g., Cotton textiles, Woollen textiles, Jute, Silk, Rubber, Sugar, Tea, Coffee, Edible Oil).
    • Mineral-based: Use minerals and metals as raw materials (e.g., Iron and Steel, Cement, Aluminium, Machine Tools, Petrochemicals).

  • (b) According to their Main Role:

    • Basic or Key Industries: Supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods (e.g., Iron and Steel, Copper Smelting, Aluminium Smelting).
    • Consumer Industries: Produce goods directly for consumer use (e.g., Sugar, Toothpaste, Paper, Sewing Machines, Fans).

  • (c) On the basis of Capital Investment:

    • Small-Scale Industry: Defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit (This limit changes over time; focus on the concept). Characterised by lower investment and often labour-intensive methods.
    • Large-Scale Industry: Investment exceeds the limit set for small-scale industries.

  • (d) On the basis of Ownership:

    • Public Sector: Owned and operated by government agencies (e.g., BHEL, SAIL).
    • Private Sector: Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals (e.g., TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries).
    • Joint Sector: Jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals (e.g., Oil India Ltd. - OIL).
    • Cooperative Sector: Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both. They pool resources and share profits/losses proportionately (e.g., Sugar industry in Maharashtra, Coir industry in Kerala, AMUL).

  • (e) Based on the Bulk and Weight of Raw Material and Finished Goods:

    • Heavy Industries: Use heavy, bulky raw materials and produce heavy finished goods (e.g., Iron and Steel).
    • Light Industries: Use light raw materials and produce light goods (e.g., Electrical industries).

6. Detailed Study of Major Industries:

  • (A) Agro-Based Industries:

    • Textile Industry:
      • Significance: Occupies a unique position, contributes significantly to industrial production (14%), employment generation (second largest after agriculture - over 35 million directly), and foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6%). Self-reliant and complete in the value chain.
      • Cotton Textiles: Ancient industry. Traditionally concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat (availability of raw cotton, market, transport, port facilities, moist climate, labour). Now spread to other parts due to wider market and infrastructure. Challenges include erratic power supply, old machinery, stiff competition from synthetics, and lower output of labour. Key centres: Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Coimbatore, Kanpur, Kolkata.
      • Jute Textiles: India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. Second largest exporter after Bangladesh. Most mills located along the Hooghly river in West Bengal due to proximity to jute areas, cheap water transport, good network, cheap labour, Kolkata port, and banking facilities. Challenges: Stiff competition (Bangladesh, Brazil, synthetics), need for product diversification. National Jute Policy (2005) aimed to increase productivity, quality, and prices. Main markets: USA, Canada, Russia, UK, Australia. Growing global concern for environment-friendly materials has opened opportunities.
      • Sugar Industry: India is the second largest producer of sugar globally (largest producer of gur and khandsari). Raw material is bulky, and sucrose content reduces with time, so mills are located near sugarcane producing areas. Recent trend: Shift towards southern and western states (esp. Maharashtra) because of higher sucrose content in cane, cooler climate ensures longer crushing season, and successful cooperatives. Challenges: Seasonal nature, old methods of production, transport delays, need to maximise bagasse use.

  • (B) Mineral-Based Industries:

    • Iron and Steel Industry:
      • Significance: Basic industry (provides raw material for other industries), heavy industry (bulky raw/finished goods). Index of a country's development.
      • Raw Materials: Iron ore, coking coal, limestone (ratio approx. 4:2:1). Manganese is also required.
      • Location: Mostly concentrated in the Chotanagpur plateau region due to low cost of iron ore, high-grade raw materials proximity, cheap labour, and vast growth potential in the home market.
      • Production: India ranks high globally in crude steel production. Most production comes from integrated steel plants (like SAIL units - Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bokaro, Burnpur; TISCO - Jamshedpur; VISL - Bhadravati) and mini steel plants.
      • Challenges: High costs and limited availability of coking coal, lower productivity of labour, irregular energy supply, poor infrastructure. Liberalisation and FDI have given it a boost.
    • Aluminium Smelting:
      • Significance: Second most important metallurgical industry.
      • Properties: Light, resistant to corrosion, good conductor of heat, malleable, becomes strong when mixed with other metals. Used in aircraft, utensils, wires, substitute for steel/copper/zinc/lead.
      • Location Factors: Main factors are (1) assured source of raw material (Bauxite - bulky, dark reddish rock) at minimum cost, and (2) regular supply of electricity at minimum cost (consumes a lot of power).
      • Key Centres: Odisha (NALCO, BALCO), West Bengal, Kerala, UP, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu.
    • Chemical Industries:
      • Characteristics: Fast-growing and diversifying. Contributes approx. 3% of GDP. Third largest in Asia, 12th in the world. Comprises both large and small scale units. Rapid growth in both inorganic and organic sectors.
      • Inorganic Chemicals: Sulphuric acid (used for fertilisers, plastics, paints, etc.), nitric acid, alkalis, soda ash (used for glass, soaps, paper), caustic soda. Distributed widely.
      • Organic Chemicals: Petrochemicals (used for synthetic fibres, rubber, plastics, dyes, drugs). Located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
      • Self-Consumption: The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
    • Fertilizer Industry:
      • Focus: Centred around Nitrogenous fertilisers (mainly urea), Phosphatic fertilisers (DAP), and Complex fertilisers (N, P, K combination).
      • Inputs: Requires natural gas (for nitrogenous), rock phosphate & sulphur (for phosphatic). Potash (K) is entirely imported as India lacks viable reserves.
      • Growth: Expanded significantly after the Green Revolution.
      • Key States: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, UP, Punjab, Kerala contribute major production. Other significant producers: Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, MP, Karnataka.
    • Cement Industry:
      • Use: Essential for construction (buildings, houses, factories, bridges, roads, dams).
      • Raw Materials: Bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina, and gypsum. Coal and electric power are also needed.
      • Location: Located near sources of raw materials. Strategic location near markets (e.g., Gulf countries) is also important for exports.
      • Growth: Decontrol of price and distribution (since 1989) and other policy reforms boosted the industry. Good quality cement production has found markets in East Asia, Middle East, Africa etc.
    • Automobile Industry:
      • Products: Vehicles like trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers, multi-utility vehicles.
      • Growth: Experienced significant growth after liberalisation (1991), attracting new technology and FDI.
      • Centres: Located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, Bengaluru.
    • Information Technology (IT) and Electronics Industry:
      • Products: Covers a wide range from transistors to TVs, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, radars, computers, and other equipment.
      • Hub: Bengaluru has emerged as the 'Electronic Capital' of India.
      • Other Centres: Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Coimbatore.
      • STPIs: Software Technology Parks of India provide single-window service and high-speed data communication.
      • Impact: Major foreign exchange earner. Significant employment generation (esp. for women).

7. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation:
While industries contribute significantly to growth, they also cause environmental degradation through pollution:

  • Air Pollution: Caused by smoke containing undesirable gases (Sulphur dioxide - SO2, Carbon monoxide - CO), airborne particulate matter (dust, sprays, mist). Smelting plants, chemical factories, paper mills, refineries, brick kilns are major sources. Can affect human health, animals, plants, atmosphere. Bhopal Gas Tragedy is a stark reminder.
  • Water Pollution: Caused by discharge of untreated organic and inorganic industrial effluents into rivers/water bodies. Major culprits: Paper, pulp, chemical, textile, dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, electroplating industries. Pollutants include dyes, detergents, acids, salts, heavy metals (lead, mercury), pesticides, fertilisers, plastics, rubber. Thermal pollution from power plants releasing hot water affects aquatic life.
  • Land Pollution: Dumping of industrial wastes (glass, harmful chemicals, packaging, salts, garbage) makes soil useless. Rainwater percolating through waste dumps carries pollutants underground, contaminating groundwater.
  • Noise Pollution: Unwanted sound from industrial machinery, construction activities, generators, saws, pneumatic drills. Causes irritation, anger, hearing impairment, increased heart rate, stress.

8. Control of Environmental Degradation:
Steps to minimise environmental damage by industries:

  • Minimising Water Use: Reducing water usage through recycling and reusing water in successive stages.
  • Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting rainwater to meet water requirements.
  • Treating Effluents: Treating hot water and industrial effluents before releasing them into rivers/ponds. This involves:
    • Primary Treatment: Mechanical screening, grinding, flocculation, sedimentation.
    • Secondary Treatment: Biological processes (using bacteria).
    • Tertiary Treatment: Biological, chemical, physical processes including recycling of wastewater.
  • Reducing Air Pollution:
    • Fitting smokestacks with filters, electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, inertial separators.
    • Using oil or gas instead of coal in factories to reduce smoke.
  • Reducing Noise Pollution:
    • Fitting machinery with silencers.
    • Using noise-absorbing materials.
    • Personal use of earplugs/earmuffs by workers.
  • Sustainable Development: Adopting practices that meet current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) is often cited as an example for its proactive approach towards preserving the environment (optimum utilisation, waste minimization, ecological monitoring, ash pond management, afforestation).

Conclusion: Sustainable industrial development is the need of the hour, balancing economic growth with environmental protection.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) for Practice:

  1. Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a major raw material?
    (a) Aluminium Smelting
    (b) Cement
    (c) Cotton Textile
    (d) Jute Textile

  2. Manufacturing industries fall under which sector of the economy?
    (a) Primary Sector
    (b) Secondary Sector
    (c) Tertiary Sector
    (d) Quaternary Sector

  3. Which city has emerged as the 'Electronic Capital' of India?
    (a) Mumbai
    (b) Hyderabad
    (c) Bengaluru
    (d) Pune

  4. Which one of the following is a basic or key industry?
    (a) Sugar Industry
    (b) Iron and Steel Industry
    (c) Automobile Industry
    (d) IT Industry

  5. Most of the Jute mills in India are concentrated along the banks of which river?
    (a) Ganga
    (b) Brahmaputra
    (c) Hooghly
    (d) Yamuna

  6. Which factor is crucial for the location of Aluminium Smelting plants due to high energy consumption?
    (a) Proximity to bauxite mines
    (b) Availability of cheap labour
    (c) Regular supply of cheap electricity
    (d) Access to port facilities

  7. Which organisation was set up with the objective to improve the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector in India?
    (a) NITI Aayog
    (b) SAIL
    (c) NMCC (National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council)
    (d) CII (Confederation of Indian Industry)

  8. Which type of pollution is primarily caused by the discharge of untreated hot water from factories and thermal plants into water bodies?
    (a) Air Pollution
    (b) Land Pollution
    (c) Noise Pollution
    (d) Thermal Pollution

  9. Which of the following is an example of a cooperative sector industry?
    (a) TISCO
    (b) BHEL
    (c) AMUL
    (d) Oil India Ltd.

  10. The desired growth rate for the manufacturing sector over the next decade, as mentioned in the chapter, is:
    (a) 7% per annum
    (b) 10% per annum
    (c) 12% per annum
    (d) 17% per annum

Answer Key:

  1. (b) Cement
  2. (b) Secondary Sector
  3. (c) Bengaluru
  4. (b) Iron and Steel Industry
  5. (c) Hooghly
  6. (c) Regular supply of cheap electricity
  7. (c) NMCC (National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council)
  8. (d) Thermal Pollution
  9. (c) AMUL
  10. (c) 12% per annum

Make sure you revise these notes thoroughly. Understanding the location factors, classifications, specific industry details, and the environmental impact is key for scoring well. All the best with your preparation!

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