Class 11 Geography Notes Chapter 3 (Drainage system) – Geographia me Amli Kamm (Urdu) Book

Aaiye, aaj hum Jamat 11 ke Geography ke Bab 3 'Aab-e-Rawan ka Nizam' (Drainage System) ka tafseeli mutala karte hain, jo sarkari imtehanat ki tayyari ke liye bahut mufeed hoga.

Bab 3: Aab-e-Rawan ka Nizam (Drainage System)

Ta'aruf (Introduction)

• Aab-e-Rawan (Drainage): Ek makhsus ilaqe mein nadiyon aur unke sahayak nadiyon (tributaries) ke zariye paani ke bahao ke nizam ko aab-e-rawan kehte hain.
• Aab-e-Rawan ka Nizam (Drainage System): Yeh ek nadi aur uski sahayak nadiyon ka jaal (network) hota hai jo ek ilaqe ka paani jama karke samandar, jheel ya kisi dusre bade jalasay (water body) tak pahunchata hai.
• Aabi Taqseem/Watershed (Water Divide): Woh buland zameen (jaise pahad ya pathaar) jo do mukhtalif drainage basins ko alag karti hai, aabi taqseem kehlati hai.
• Darya ka Besan (River Basin/Catchment Area): Ek nadi aur uski tamam sahayak nadiyon ke zariye pani jama karne wale kul ilaqe ko us nadi ka besan ya catchment area kehte hain.

Aab-e-Rawan ke Namoone (Drainage Patterns)

Nadiyon ka bahao zameen ki dhalan (slope), pathrili sakht (rock structure), aur mausamiyati halaat (climatic conditions) par munhasir hota hai. Is buniyad par mukhtalif namoone bante hain:

1. Shajari Namoona (Dendritic Pattern): Yeh darakht ki shakhon jaisa hota hai. Jab nadi ki dhalan hamwar ho aur pathrili sakht ek jaisi ho, toh yeh namoona banta hai. Maslan, Shumali Hindustan ke maidani ilaqon ki nadiyan (Ganga).
2. Jaalidar Namoona (Trellis Pattern): Jab sakht aur narm chattanon ki teh (layers) ek dusre ke mutawazi (parallel) hon, toh asal nadi mein sahayak nadiyan lagbhag 90 degree ke zawiya (angle) par milti hain. Maslan, Chota Nagpur pathaar ka ilaqah.
3. Markaz Guraiz Namoona (Radial Pattern): Jab nadiyan ek markazi buland maqam (jaise gumbad numa pahadi ya jwalamukhi) se nikal kar har taraf behti hain. Maslan, Amarkantak pahadiyon se nikalne wali nadiyan (Narmada, Son).
4. Markaz Jo Namoona (Centripetal Pattern): Jab nadiyan har taraf se beh kar ek markazi jheel ya nichle hisse mein jama hoti hain. Maslan, Rajasthan ki kuch jheelen.
5. Mustateeli Namoona (Rectangular Pattern): Yeh wahan banta hai jahan chattanon mein jod (joints) zyada hon aur nadiyan inhi jodon ke raste beh kar ek mustateeli (rectangular) shakal banati hain.

Hindustan ka Aab-e-Rawan ka Nizam (Indian Drainage System)

Hindustan ke drainage system ko do bade grohon mein taqseem kiya ja sakta hai:

1. Himalayi Daryayi Nizam (Himalayan River System)
2. Jazeeranuma Satah Murtafa ka Daryayi Nizam (Peninsular River System)

1. Himalayi Daryayi Nizam (Himalayan River System)

• Khususiyat (Characteristics):
  • Yeh nadiyan barahmasi (Perennial) hain kyunki inhein barf ke pighalne (glaciers) aur barish dono se paani milta hai.
  • Inka bahao ka raasta lamba hota hai.
  • Yeh apne oopri hisse mein gehri kanyon (Gorges) banati hain aur maidani ilaqon mein meanders (bal khati hui), ox-bow jheelen, aur bade deltas banati hain.
  • Yeh abhi naujawan (young) hain aur tezi se katao (erosion) karti hain.
  • Kuch nadiyan (jaise Indus, Satluj, Brahmaputra) Himalaya ke banne se pehle se beh rahi hain, inhein 'Antecedent Rivers' kehte hain.
• Bade Nizam (Major Systems):
  • Nizam-e-Sindh (The Indus System):
    • Manba (Source): Tibet mein Kailash range ke qareeb Mansarovar jheel ke nazdeek Bokhar Chu glacier.
    • Sahayak Nadiyan (Tributaries): Shyok, Gilgit, Zaskar, Hunza (Kashmir mein); Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum (Punjab mein - yeh milkar Panjnad banati hain jo Mithankot, Pakistan ke paas Sindh mein milti hain).
    • Bahao: Tibet se shuru hokar Hindustan (Ladakh) se guzarti hui Pakistan mein dakhil hoti hai aur Bahr-e-Arab (Arabian Sea) mein Karachi ke paas girti hai.
    • Kul Lambai: Taqreeban 2,880 km (Hindustan mein 1,114 km).
  • Nizam-e-Ganga (The Ganga System):
    • Manba (Source): Uttarakhand mein Gangotri Glacier se Bhagirathi ke naam se nikalti hai. Devprayag mein Alaknanda se mil kar Ganga kehlati hai.
    • Sahayak Nadiyan (Tributaries):
      • Dayen Kinare (Right Bank): Yamuna (sabse badi sahayak nadi, iski sahayak nadiyan Chambal, Sind, Betwa, Ken hain), Son.
      • Bayen Kinare (Left Bank): Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi (Bihar ka sog - Sorrow of Bihar).
    • Bahao: Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal se guzarti hai. West Bengal mein Farakka ke paas do hisson mein bant jati hai - Hooghly (jo Kolkata se hote hue Bay of Bengal mein girti hai) aur Padma (jo Bangladesh mein dakhil hoti hai).
    • Delta: Bangladesh mein Brahmaputra (Jamuna) se milkar duniya ka sabse bada delta (Sundarban Delta) banati hai.
    • Kul Lambai: Taqreeban 2,525 km.
  • Nizam-e-Brahmaputra (The Brahmaputra System):
    • Manba (Source): Tibet mein Mansarovar jheel ke qareeb Chemayungdung glacier. Tibet mein ise 'Tsangpo' kehte hain.
    • Bahao: Tibet mein mashriq (east) ki taraf behti hai. Namcha Barwa pahad ke paas U-turn lekar Arunachal Pradesh (India) mein 'Dihang' ya 'Siang' ke naam se dakhil hoti hai.
    • Sahayak Nadiyan (Tributaries): Dibang, Lohit, Subansiri, Manas, Teesta.
    • Assam mein ise Brahmaputra kehte hain. Yeh nadi bahao mein tabdeeli (shifting course), selab (floods), aur nadi ke beech mein jazeere (riverine islands - jaise Majuli, duniya ka sabse bada riverine island) banane ke liye mashhoor hai.
    • Bangladesh mein 'Jamuna' ke naam se jaani jati hai, Ganga (Padma) se milti hai, phir Meghna ke naam se Bay of Bengal mein girti hai.
    • Kul Lambai: Taqreeban 2,900 km (Hindustan mein kam hissa).

2. Jazeeranuma Satah Murtafa ka Daryayi Nizam (Peninsular River System)

• Khususiyat (Characteristics):
  • Yeh nadiyan aksar mausami (Seasonal) hoti hain, kyunki inka inhesar barish par hota hai (siwaye Kaveri ke). Garmiyon mein inka bahao kam ho jata hai.
  • Yeh Himalayi nadiyon se purani (older) hain aur inki wadiyan (valleys) zyada chaudi aur kam gehri hoti hain.
  • Inka bahao ka raasta chota hota hai (siwaye kuch ke).
  • Katao (erosion) ki salahiyat kam hoti hai.
  • Aksariyat Maghribi Ghats (Western Ghats) se nikalti hain.
• Taqseem (Classification based on direction of flow):
  • Mashriq ki Taraf Behne Wali Nadiyan (East Flowing Rivers - Bay of Bengal mein girti hain):
    • Mahanadi: Chhattisgarh ke Raipur zile se nikalti hai. Odisha se hote hue Bay of Bengal mein delta banati hai.
    • Godavari: Maharashtra mein Nashik ke qareeb Trimbakeshwar se nikalti hai. Yeh Jazeeranuma Hindustan ki sabse lambi nadi hai (1,465 km). Ise 'Dakshin Ganga' bhi kehte hain. Sahayak nadiyan: Penganga, Wainganga, Wardha (yeh milkar Pranhita kehlati hain), Indravati, Manjra. Bada delta banati hai.
    • Krishna: Maharashtra mein Mahabaleshwar se nikalti hai. Sahayak nadiyan: Tungabhadra, Koyna, Bhima, Ghatprabha, Musi. Yeh bhi delta banati hai.
    • Kaveri: Karnataka mein Brahmagiri pahadiyon (Western Ghats) se nikalti hai. Isko saal bhar paani milta hai (oopri hisse mein garmiyon ki barish se, nichle hisse mein sardiyon ki barish se). Sahayak nadiyan: Hemavati, Kabini, Bhavani, Amravati. Tamil Nadu mein delta banati hai. Ise 'Dakshin Bharat ki Ganga' (Ganga of South India) bhi kehte hain (muqaddas hone ki wajah se).
  • Maghrib ki Taraf Behne Wali Nadiyan (West Flowing Rivers - Bahr-e-Arab mein girti hain):
    • Narmada: Madhya Pradesh mein Amarkantak pathaar se nikalti hai. Yeh ek rift valley (darar wadi) se guzarti hai (Vindhya aur Satpura pahadon ke beech). Marble Rocks (Jabalpur) aur Dhuandhar Falls banati hai. Estuary (Dahana - jahan taza pani samandar ke khare pani se milta hai) banati hai, delta nahi.
    • Tapi (Tapti): Madhya Pradesh ke Betul zile mein Satpura range se nikalti hai. Yeh bhi Narmada ke parallel rift valley mein behti hai. Estuary banati hai.
    • Dusri Choti Nadiyan: Sabarmati, Mahi (Gujarat); Periyar, Pamba (Kerala); Mandovi, Zuari (Goa). Yeh nadiyan bhi estuaries banati hain.

Himalayi aur Jazeeranuma Nadiyon ka Tawazun (Comparison)

Nadiyon ki Ahmiyat (Importance of Rivers)

• Peene ka paani, gharelu istemal.
• Aabpashi (Irrigation) ke liye zaroori.
• Pan-bijli (Hydroelectricity) paida karna.
• Aabi Raste (Navigation) - kuch hisson mein.
• Sanati istemal (Industrial use).
• Machli pakadna (Fishing).
• Tehzeebi aur mazhabi ahmiyat (Cultural and religious significance).

Nadiyon ki Aloodgi (River Pollution)

• Sanati kachra (Industrial waste), shehri gandagi (urban sewage), kheti mein istemal hone wale chemicals, mazhabi rasumat (religious offerings) nadiyon ko alooda kar rahe hain.
• Is se aabi zindagi (aquatic life) tabah ho rahi hai aur insani sehat ke liye khatra paida ho raha hai.
• Nadiyon ki safai ke liye sarkari mansoobe (jaise Namami Gange) chalaye ja rahe hain.

Abhyas ke liye Maroozi Sawalat (MCQs for Practice)

Sawal 1: Ek nadi aur uski sahayak nadiyon ke zariye paani jama karne wale kul ilaqe ko kya kehte hain?
(a) Aabi Taqseem (Watershed)
(b) Darya ka Besan (River Basin)
(c) Aab-e-Rawan ka Namoona (Drainage Pattern)
(d) Dahana (Estuary)

Sawal 2: Jab nadiyan ek markazi buland maqam se nikal kar har taraf behti hain, toh kaunsa drainage pattern banta hai?
(a) Shajari (Dendritic)
(b) Jaalidar (Trellis)
(c) Markaz Guraiz (Radial)
(d) Markaz Jo (Centripetal)

Sawal 3: Darj zel mein se kaun si nadi Himalayi daryayi nizam ka hissa NAHI hai?
(a) Ganga
(b) Brahmaputra
(c) Godavari
(d) Indus

Sawal 4: Ganga nadi ka manba (source) kahan hai?
(a) Mansarovar Jheel
(b) Gangotri Glacier
(c) Amarkantak Pathaar
(d) Mahabaleshwar

Sawal 5: Kaun si nadi Tibet mein 'Tsangpo' ke naam se jaani jati hai?
(a) Ganga
(b) Indus
(c) Brahmaputra
(d) Satluj

Sawal 6: Jazeeranuma Hindustan ki sabse lambi nadi kaun si hai?
(a) Narmada
(b) Krishna
(c) Mahanadi
(d) Godavari

Sawal 7: Darj zel mein se kaun si nadi maghrib ki taraf beh kar Bahr-e-Arab mein girti hai aur rift valley se guzarti hai?
(a) Godavari
(b) Kaveri
(c) Narmada
(d) Mahanadi

Sawal 8: Yamuna nadi kis badi nadi ki sabse aham sahayak nadi hai?
(a) Brahmaputra
(b) Indus
(c) Ganga
(d) Godavari

Sawal 9: Kaun si nadiyan aksar 'Dahana' (Estuary) banati hain, delta nahi?
(a) Ganga aur Brahmaputra
(b) Godavari aur Krishna
(c) Narmada aur Tapi
(d) Mahanadi aur Kaveri

Sawal 10: 'Dakshin Ganga' ke naam se kis nadi ko jana jata hai?
(a) Kaveri
(b) Krishna
(c) Godavari
(d) Mahanadi

Jawabat (Answers):

1. (b) Darya ka Besan (River Basin)
2. (c) Markaz Guraiz (Radial)
3. (c) Godavari
4. (b) Gangotri Glacier
5. (c) Brahmaputra
6. (d) Godavari
7. (c) Narmada
8. (c) Ganga
9. (c) Narmada aur Tapi
10. (c) Godavari

Yeh notes aur MCQs aapko Bab 3 ko samajhne aur imtehan ki tayyari mein madad karenge. Inhein achhi tarah se padhein aur yaad rakhen. Koi sawal ho toh pooch sakte hain.