class 12 notes

Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 8 (Manufacturing industries) – India - People and Economy Book

Philoid

Philoid

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India - People and Economy
Detailed Notes with MCQs of Chapter 8, 'Manufacturing Industries', from your 'India - People and Economy' book. This is a crucial chapter, not just for your board exams but also extensively for various government examinations, as it deals with the secondary sector which is vital for economic growth.

Chapter 8: Manufacturing Industries - Detailed Notes

1. Introduction: What is Manufacturing?

  • Manufacturing is the process of transforming raw materials into finished goods of higher value, suitable for sale.
  • It involves processes ranging from handicrafts to high-tech industries.
  • Importance:
    • Adds value to raw materials.
    • Generates significant employment (reduces dependence on agriculture).
    • Earns foreign exchange through exports.
    • Indicates the economic strength and development level of a country.
    • Helps in modernizing agriculture.
    • Reduces regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

2. Classification of Industries:
Industries can be classified on various bases:

  • (a) Based on Size, Capital Investment, and Labour Force:

    • Large Scale: Require huge capital investment, large infrastructure, employ a large labour force, and produce goods in large quantities (e.g., Iron and Steel, Automobiles, Petrochemicals).
    • Medium Scale: Fall between large and small scale in terms of investment and labour.
    • Small Scale: Lower capital investment and employ fewer people compared to large scale (e.g., manufacturing electrical goods, utensils). Often use semi-skilled labour and local raw materials.
    • Cottage Industries: Smallest manufacturing units, often run from home by family members, using traditional techniques and local raw materials (e.g., pottery, handicrafts, handloom weaving).

  • (b) Based on Ownership:

    • Public Sector: Owned and operated by government agencies (e.g., BHEL, SAIL, ONGC). Aim often includes public welfare along with profit.
    • Private Sector: Owned and managed by individuals or groups of individuals (e.g., TISCO, Reliance Industries, Bajaj Auto). Primarily profit-driven.
    • Joint Sector: Owned and managed jointly by the government and private individuals/companies (e.g., Maruti Udyog Ltd. initially, Oil India Ltd.). Combines public accountability with private enterprise efficiency.
    • Cooperative Sector: Owned and managed by a group of producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both. Profits/losses are shared proportionally (e.g., Sugar mills in Maharashtra, AMUL).

  • (c) Based on Source of Raw Materials:

    • Agro-based: Use agricultural products as raw materials (e.g., Cotton textiles, Sugar, Jute, Vegetable oil, Tea, Coffee).
    • Mineral-based: Use minerals as raw materials (e.g., Iron and Steel, Cement, Aluminium, Petrochemicals).
    • Forest-based: Use forest products as raw materials (e.g., Paper, Furniture, Lacquer).
    • Animal-based: Use animal products as raw materials (e.g., Leather goods, Woollen textiles).

  • (d) Based on the Nature of Finished Product (Use/Role):

    • Basic or Key Industries: Produce goods used as raw materials for other industries (e.g., Iron and Steel, Copper Smelting, Aluminium Smelting).
    • Consumer Goods Industries: Produce goods directly for consumption by consumers (e.g., Sugar, Soaps, Electronics, Textiles).
    • Intermediate Goods Industries: Produce goods that are used as components or parts in the manufacturing of other finished goods (e.g., Tyres, Automotive components).

3. Factors Influencing the Location of Industries:
The location of industries is complex and influenced by multiple factors:

  • Raw Materials: Bulky, heavy, perishable, or weight-losing raw materials favour industry location near the source (e.g., Sugar mills near sugarcane fields, Iron & Steel near coal/iron ore).
  • Power: Industries requiring large amounts of energy tend to locate near power sources (e.g., Aluminium smelting near hydroelectric projects). Reliable and cheap power is essential.
  • Labour: Availability of skilled and unskilled labour at competitive wages is crucial. Some industries are labour-intensive.
  • Capital: Availability of finance for setting up and running industries is vital. Banking and financial institutions play a key role.
  • Transport & Communication: Efficient transport (road, rail, water, air) is needed for moving raw materials and finished goods. Good communication networks are also essential. Port facilities are critical for export-oriented industries.
  • Market: Proximity to markets reduces transport costs for finished goods, especially for perishable or fragile items. Large urban centres provide big markets.
  • Government Policies: Policies like subsidies, tax benefits, provision of industrial estates, licensing, regional development goals influence location.
  • Water: Many industries require large quantities of water for processing or cooling.
  • Climate: Certain industries require specific climatic conditions (e.g., Cotton textile industry benefits from humid climate).
  • Industrial Inertia: Sometimes industries continue to operate at a location even after the original advantages have disappeared, due to established infrastructure and linkages.
  • Agglomeration Economies: Industries often cluster together to benefit from shared infrastructure, services, labour pool, and inter-industry linkages (e.g., industrial regions).

4. Major Industries in India:

  • (a) Iron and Steel Industry:

    • Basic/Key Industry: Provides raw material for heavy engineering, machine tools, defence equipment, automobiles, construction.
    • Location Factors: Proximity to raw materials (Iron ore, Coking coal, Limestone, Manganese), water, power, transport, and market. Most plants are located in the Chotanagpur plateau region due to resource availability.
    • Major Integrated Steel Plants (Public Sector - mostly under SAIL): Bhilai (Chhattisgarh), Durgapur (West Bengal), Rourkela (Odisha), Bokaro (Jharkhand), Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (Andhra Pradesh - port-based), Salem Steel Plant (Tamil Nadu - special steels).
    • Private Sector: TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) at Jamshedpur (Jharkhand) - oldest large-scale plant; IISCO (Indian Iron and Steel Company) at Burnpur (West Bengal) - now merged with SAIL. Several new private players have emerged.
    • Mini Steel Plants: Use steel scrap and sponge iron, often located near markets, use electric furnaces.
    • Challenges: High cost and limited availability of coking coal, lower productivity of labour, irregular power supply, need for technological upgradation.

  • (b) Cotton Textile Industry:

    • Largest Organised Modern Industry: Ancient industry, significant employment provider.
    • Location: Initially concentrated in cotton-growing areas of Maharashtra and Gujarat (Mumbai, Ahmedabad) due to raw cotton availability, humid climate, ports, capital, and labour.
    • Decentralisation: Now spread across the country due to wider market access, transport development, and availability of power. Spinning remains centralized, but weaving is highly decentralized (power looms, handlooms).
    • Major Centres: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh.
    • Challenges: Erratic power supply, old machinery needing modernization, stiff competition from synthetic fibres, fluctuating raw cotton prices.

  • (c) Sugar Industry:

    • Agro-based, Seasonal: Second largest agro-based industry after cotton textiles.
    • Location Factors: Sugarcane is bulky and perishable (sucrose content decreases after harvesting), so mills are located near growing areas.
    • Shift to South: Industry gradually shifting from North India (UP, Bihar) to Peninsular India (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu).
    • Reasons for Shift: Higher sucrose content in tropical cane, longer crushing season, better yields, successful cooperative movement in the South.
    • Major Producers: Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat.
    • Challenges: Seasonal nature of industry, low yield of sugarcane, short crushing season (in North), need for modernization, fluctuating production.

  • (d) Petrochemical Industry:

    • Raw Materials: Naphtha from oil refineries and natural gas.
    • Products: Polymers (plastics), synthetic fibres (nylon, polyester), elastomers (synthetic rubber), surfactant intermediate chemicals. Used in textiles, packaging, automobiles, construction, etc.
    • Major Centres: Grouped around oil refineries. Mumbai, Vadodara (Gujarat - major hub), Haldia (West Bengal), Patalganga (Maharashtra), Hazira (Gujarat), Jamnagar (Gujarat).
    • Key Organisations: Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited (IPCL - now part of Reliance), Petrofils Cooperative Limited (PCL). Several private players like Reliance Industries dominate.

  • (e) Information Technology (IT) and Electronics Industry:

    • Sunrise Industry: Rapid growth, significant contribution to GDP and exports. High employment generation, especially for skilled professionals.
    • Major Centres: Bengaluru (Silicon Valley of India), Hyderabad, Chennai, Pune, Mumbai, NCR (Gurgaon, Noida), Kolkata, Thiruvananthapuram.
    • Software Technology Parks (STPs): Provide high-speed data communication facilities and infrastructure to IT firms. Spread across many cities.
    • Impact: Revolutionized service delivery, business processes (BPO), and governance.

5. Industrial Regions in India:
Concentration of industries leads to the formation of industrial regions.

  • Major Industrial Regions:
    • Mumbai-Pune Region
    • Hugli (Kolkata-Howrah) Region
    • Bengaluru-Tamil Nadu Region
    • Gujarat Region (Ahmedabad-Vadodara-Surat belt)
    • Chotanagpur Region (Jharkhand-Odisha-West Bengal mineral belt)
    • Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Region
    • Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut Region
    • Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram Region
  • Minor Industrial Regions & Industrial Districts: Scattered across the country.

6. Impact of Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG - 1991 Reforms):

  • Liberalisation: Reduced licensing requirements, easier entry for private sector.
  • Privatisation: Increased role of private sector, disinvestment in some PSUs.
  • Globalisation: Easier entry for foreign companies (FDI), increased competition, access to global markets and technology.
  • Overall Impact: Increased competition, greater efficiency, diversification of industries, growth of service sector linkages, but also concerns about regional disparities and impact on small-scale industries.

7. Environmental Concerns & Sustainable Development:

  • Industrial development often leads to environmental degradation:
    • Air Pollution: Emission of gases (SO2, CO, CO2), particulate matter.
    • Water Pollution: Discharge of untreated industrial effluents into water bodies.
    • Noise Pollution: From machinery, generators, transport.
    • Land Degradation: Dumping of industrial waste.
  • Need for Sustainable Development: Balancing industrial growth with environmental protection through pollution control measures, waste management, use of cleaner technologies, and adherence to environmental regulations.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

  1. Which of the following factors is most crucial for the location of the Sugar industry?
    (a) Proximity to market
    (b) Availability of cheap labour
    (c) Perishability of raw material (sugarcane)
    (d) Access to port facilities

  2. Which city is often referred to as the 'Silicon Valley of India' due to its concentration of IT industries?
    (a) Hyderabad
    (b) Bengaluru
    (c) Pune
    (d) Chennai

  3. The Bhilai Steel Plant was established with collaboration from which country?
    (a) Germany
    (b) United Kingdom
    (c) Former Soviet Union (USSR)
    (d) USA

  4. Industries that produce goods directly for use by consumers are known as:
    (a) Basic Industries
    (b) Key Industries
    (c) Consumer Goods Industries
    (d) Intermediate Goods Industries

  5. Which of the following is NOT a major reason for the recent shift of the sugar industry towards Peninsular India?
    (a) Higher sucrose content in cane
    (b) Longer crushing season
    (c) Availability of cheap migrant labour from North India
    (d) Successful cooperative movement

  6. TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) is located in which state?
    (a) Odisha
    (b) West Bengal
    (c) Jharkhand
    (d) Chhattisgarh

  7. Which of the following is primarily a mineral-based industry?
    (a) Cotton Textiles
    (b) Jute Industry
    (c) Cement Industry
    (d) Sugar Industry

  8. The Hugli Industrial Region is primarily centred around which city?
    (a) Mumbai
    (b) Chennai
    (c) Delhi
    (d) Kolkata

  9. Industries owned and operated jointly by the state and individuals or a group of individuals fall under which sector?
    (a) Public Sector
    (b) Private Sector
    (c) Joint Sector
    (d) Cooperative Sector

  10. The Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG) policies were introduced in India primarily in which year?
    (a) 1981
    (b) 1991
    (c) 2001
    (d) 1947

Answer Key:

  1. (c)
  2. (b)
  3. (c)
  4. (c)
  5. (c)
  6. (c)
  7. (c)
  8. (d)
  9. (c)
  10. (b)

Make sure you revise these notes thoroughly. Pay special attention to the location factors, major industrial centres (map work potential!), and the classification types. Understanding the challenges faced by each industry and the impact of LPG is also important for analytical questions. Good luck with your preparation!

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