Class 11 Geography Notes Chapter 7 (Natural hazards and disasters) – Geographia me Amli Kamm (Urdu) Book

Alright students, let's begin our discussion on Chapter 7: 'Qudrati Khatrat aur Aafaat' (Natural Hazards and Disasters). This is a crucial chapter, not just for your exams but also for understanding the world around us, especially in the context of India which is highly vulnerable to various natural calamities. We will break down the concepts and focus on key points relevant for government exam preparation.

Chapter 7: Qudrati Khatrat aur Aafaat (Natural Hazards and Disasters) - Detailed Notes

1. Buniyadi Tasawwurat (Basic Concepts)

• Qudrati Khatra (Natural Hazard): Yeh qudrat ke woh amal ya waqeaat hain jinse insaani jaan-o-maal ko nuqsaan pahunchne ka andesha hota hai. Yeh ek potential threat hai. (These are elements or processes in the natural environment that have the potential to cause harm to human life and property).
  • Example: Ek earthquake-prone zone mein rehna ek khatra hai. (Living in an earthquake-prone zone is a hazard).
• Aafat (Disaster): Jab koi qudrati khatra haqeeqat mein badal jata hai aur bade paimane par jaan-o-maal ka nuqsaan karta hai, jisse muqaami taur par nipatna mushkil ho jata hai, toh use aafat kehte hain. Yeh khatre ka natija hai. (A disaster is the actual realization of a natural hazard, causing widespread loss of life, property, and livelihood, exceeding the capacity of the affected community to cope using its own resources).
  • Example: Earthquake ka aana aur usse imaraton ka girna, logon ka marna ek aafat hai. (The occurrence of an earthquake leading to building collapse and deaths is a disaster).
• Kamzori/Asar Pazeeri (Vulnerability): Kisi ilaqe ya samaaj ki woh halat jo use kisi qudrati khatre ke manfi asraat (negative impacts) ke liye zyada hassas (sensitive) banati hai. Yeh maashi (economic), samaaji (social), jismaani (physical), aur mahauliyati (environmental) awamil (factors) par munhasir hoti hai. (The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards).
• Khatra/Jokhim (Risk): Kisi khaas muddat mein kisi khatre ki wajah se hone wale mutawaqqa nuqsaan (expected loss) ka imkaan. Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability. (The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses - deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged - resulting from interactions between natural hazards and vulnerable conditions).

2. Qudrati Khatrat ki Darja Bandi (Classification of Natural Hazards)

Inko buniyadi taur par 4 grohon mein taqseem kiya ja sakta hai:

• A. Fizai Khatrat (Atmospheric Hazards): Jo fiza (atmosphere) mein hone wali tabdeeliyon se paida hote hain.
  • Examples: Gard Baad (Cyclones), Aandhi-Toofan (Thunderstorms), Olay Parna (Hailstorms), Khushk Saali (Drought), Sailaab (Floods - often linked to heavy rainfall), Loo (Heat Waves), Sard Lehar (Cold Waves).
• B. Arzi/Zameeni Khatrat (Terrestrial/Geological Hazards): Jo zameen ke andar ya satah par hone wali harkaat se paida hote hain.
  • Examples: Zalzale (Earthquakes), Aatish Fishan Phatna (Volcanic Eruptions), Zameen ka Khisakna (Landslides), Barfani Todon ka Girna (Avalanches), Mitti ka Katao (Soil Erosion).
• C. Aabi Khatrat (Aquatic/Hydrological Hazards): Jo paani se mutalliq hain.
  • Examples: Sailaab (Floods - riverine, coastal), Tsunami, Samandari Tughyani (Storm Surges).
• D. Hayatiyati Khatrat (Biological Hazards): Jo jandaar cheezon se phailte hain.
  • Examples: Waba (Epidemics - like locust attacks, disease outbreaks influenced by environmental factors).

3. Hindustan mein Aham Qudrati Aafaat (Major Natural Disasters in India)

India apni makhsoos geographic location, jalwayu (climate), aur geology ki wajah se kai qudrati aafaat ka shikaar hota hai.

• a) Zalzale (Earthquakes):

  • Wajah (Cause): Indian plate ka Eurasian plate se takrao (collision).
  • Asar Wale Ilaqe (Affected Areas): Poora Himalaya khitta (entire Himalayan region), North-Eastern states, Kachchh (Gujarat), Andaman & Nicobar Islands. India ko 5 Seismic Zones mein taqseem kiya gaya hai (Zone V sabse zyada khatarnaak).
  • Asraat (Impacts): Jaan-o-maal ka bhaari nuqsaan, zameeni shakal mein tabdeeli, landslides, aag lagna.
  • Intezaam (Management): Earthquake-resistant buildings banana, awareness programs, seismic zoning, early warning (limited).

• b) Sailaab (Floods):

  • Wajah (Causes): Zyada barish (monsoon), nadiyon mein pani ka izafa, chakrawaat (cyclones), baadalon ka phatna (cloudbursts), bandhon ka tootna (dam failure), ghatiya drainage system.
  • Asar Wale Ilaqe (Affected Areas): Ganga-Brahmaputra ke maidaani ilaqe (khusoosan Assam, Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh), Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat ke saahil (coastal areas).
  • Asraat (Impacts): Faslon ki tabahi, jaan-o-maal ka nuqsaan, bimariyon ka phailna (water-borne diseases), mitti ka katao.
  • Intezaam (Management): Bandh (dams) aur tatbandh (embankments) banana, flood plain zoning, warning systems, deforestation rokna, drainage sudhaarna.

• c) Khushk Saali (Droughts):

  • Wajah (Causes): Kam barish, barish ki ghair-yaksaaniyat (uneven distribution), zyadah evaporation, zameen ke neeche pani ka zyada istemaal, deforestation.
  • Aqsaam (Types): Mausami (Meteorological), Aabi (Hydrological), Zira'ati (Agricultural), Maashi-Samaji (Socio-economic).
  • Asar Wale Ilaqe (Affected Areas): Rajasthan, Gujarat ka kuch hissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra (Vidarbha, Marathwada), Andhra Pradesh (Rayalaseema), Karnataka ka andarooni hissa.
  • Asraat (Impacts): Fasal ki nakami, chaare ki kami, pani ki qillat, bhookmari, hijrat (migration).
  • Intezaam (Management): Pani ka behtar intezaam (water management), rainwater harvesting, drought-resistant faslen ugana, pani ke zakhair banana, inter-linking of rivers (proposed).

• d) Gard Baad/Chakrawaat (Cyclones):

  • Wajah (Cause): Garam samandari satah par kam dabao ka markaz banna (low-pressure systems over warm sea surfaces). Hindustan mein zyada tar Bay of Bengal mein bante hain.
  • Asar Wale Ilaqe (Affected Areas): Mashriqi sahil (East coast - Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal) zyada mutasir hota hai Maghribi sahil (West coast - Gujarat, Maharashtra) ke muqable mein.
  • Asraat (Impacts): Tez hawaein, bhaari barish, samandari tughyani (storm surge), bade paimane par tabahi.
  • Intezaam (Management): Mustaqil nigrani (monitoring), early warning systems (IMD), cyclone shelters banana, coastal area planning, awareness.

• e) Zameen ka Khisakna (Landslides):

  • Wajah (Causes): Dhalwanon ka ghair mustahkam hona (slope instability), bhaari barish, zalzale, darakhton ki katai (deforestation), sadak/imarat ki tameer jaise insaani amal.
  • Asar Wale Ilaqe (Affected Areas): Himalaya khitta (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, North-East states), Maghribi Ghats (Western Ghats).
  • Asraat (Impacts): Raston ka band hona, jaan-o-maal ka nuqsaan, nadiyon ka rasta rukna (river blockade).
  • Intezaam (Management): Darakht lagana (afforestation), retaining walls banana, behtar drainage, construction par control, hazard zone mapping.

• f) Tsunami:

  • Wajah (Cause): Samandar ke neeche zalzale, volcanic eruptions, ya zameen khisakne se paida hone wali badi samandari lehren.
  • Asar Wale Ilaqe (Affected Areas): Sahili ilaqe (Coastal areas). India 2004 mein Indian Ocean Tsunami se shadeed mutasir hua tha.
  • Asraat (Impacts): Sahili ilaqon mein bhaari tabahi, jaan-o-maal ka nuqsaan.
  • Intezaam (Management): Tsunami Warning System (INCOIS, Hyderabad), awareness, coastal regulation zone (CRZ) norms.

4. Aafaat ke Natijay (Consequences of Disasters)

Aafaat ke asraat door tak aur gehre hote hain:

• Jani Nuqsaan (Loss of Life): Sabse seedha aur afsosnaak natija.
• Maali Nuqsaan (Economic Losses): Imaraton, infrastructure (roads, bridges), faslon, karobaron ki tabahi. GDP par manfi asar.
• Mahauliyati Nuqsaan (Environmental Losses): Janglaat ki tabahi, mitti ka katao, pani ka ganda hona, biodiversity ka nuqsaan.
• Samaji Asraat (Social Impacts): Log beghar ho jate hain, sehat ke masail (bimariyan), psychological trauma, samaji tanav (social tension).

5. Aafaat ka Intezaam (Disaster Management)

Yeh ek musalsal (continuous) amal hai jiska maqsad aafaat ke asraat ko kam karna hai. Iske 4 marhale (phases) hain:

• a) Takhfeef (Mitigation): Aafat ke asraat ko kam karne ke liye uthaye jane wale qadam. Ismein structural (jaise mazboot imaratein banana) aur non-structural (jaise qawaneen banana, awareness) dono shamil hain. Yeh aafat se pehle ka amal hai.
• b) Tayyari (Preparedness): Aafat aane ki surat mein muassar jawab (effective response) ke liye ki jane wali tayyariyan. Ismein warning systems, evacuation plans, emergency kits, training shamil hain. Yeh aafat se pehle ka amal hai.
• c) Jawab/Rad-e-Amal (Response): Aafat ke fauran baad logon ki jaan bachane aur buniyadi zarooriyat (khana, pani, shelter, medical aid) poori karne ke liye ki jane wali karwai. Yeh aafat ke dauran aur fauran baad ka amal hai.
• d) Bahaali (Recovery): Aafat ke baad halaat ko mamool par laane (normalcy) aur mutasireen (affected people) ki dobara abadkari (rehabilitation) ka amal. Ismein long-term reconstruction shamil hai. Yeh aafat ke baad ka amal hai.

Hindustan mein Aafaat Intezaam ka Framework (Disaster Management Framework in India):

• Disaster Management Act, 2005.
• NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority): Apex body, PM is the chairperson.
• SDMA (State Disaster Management Authority): State level, CM is the chairperson.
• DDMA (District Disaster Management Authority): District level, District Magistrate/Collector is the chairperson.
• NDRF (National Disaster Response Force): Specialized force for response.

Aham Nukta (Key Point): Aafaat ka intezaam sirf sarkari idaron ki zimmedari nahi hai, ismein community participation (awaami shirakat), NGOs, aur har fard ka kirdaar ahem hai. Awareness aur taleem iski buniyad hain.

Abhyas ke liye Bahu-Vaikalpik Sawalat (Multiple Choice Questions for Practice)

1. Darj zel mein se kaun sa ek 'Qudrati Khatra' (Natural Hazard) ki misaal hai, 'Aafat' (Disaster) ki nahi?
(a) 2004 ka Hind Mahasagar Tsunami (Indian Ocean Tsunami)
(b) Assam mein har saal aane wale sailaab ka andesha (potential for annual floods)
(c) 2001 ka Gujarat ka zalzala (earthquake)
(d) Odisha mein Cyclone Fani se hui tabahi

2. Hindustan ko kitne Zalzala Zones (Seismic Zones) mein taqseem kiya gaya hai?
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 6

3. Hindustan mein zyada tar Chakrawaat (Cyclones) kahan bante hain?
(a) Bahr-e-Arab (Arabian Sea)
(b) Khaleej-e-Bengal (Bay of Bengal)
(c) Hind Mahasagar (Indian Ocean)
(d) Khaleej-e-Kachchh (Gulf of Kutch)

4. 'Khushk Saali' (Drought) ki kaun si qism ka talluq barish ki kami se hai?
(a) Aabi Khushk Saali (Hydrological Drought)
(b) Zira'ati Khushk Saali (Agricultural Drought)
(c) Mausami Khushk Saali (Meteorological Drought)
(d) Maashi-Samaji Khushk Saali (Socio-economic Drought)

5. Zameen ka Khisakna (Landslides) kin ilaqon mein zyada aam hai?
(a) Sahili Maidan (Coastal Plains)
(b) Registaani Ilaqe (Desert Areas)
(c) Pahadi Ilaqe (Hilly/Mountainous Regions)
(d) Jazair (Islands)

6. Aafaat Intezaam (Disaster Management) ke kis marhale mein aafat ke asraat ko kam karne ke liye pehle se qadam uthaye jate hain?
(a) Jawab (Response)
(b) Bahaali (Recovery)
(c) Tayyari (Preparedness)
(d) Takhfeef (Mitigation)

7. Hindustan mein Aafaat Intezaam ke liye qaumi satah par sabse bada idaara kaun sa hai?
(a) SDMA (State Disaster Management Authority)
(b) NDRF (National Disaster Response Force)
(c) NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority)
(d) DDMA (District Disaster Management Authority)

8. Darj zel mein se kaun sa Aabi Khatra (Aquatic Hazard) nahi hai?
(a) Sailaab (Flood)
(b) Tsunami
(c) Zameen ka Khisakna (Landslide)
(d) Samandari Tughyani (Storm Surge)

9. Risk (Khatra/Jokhim) kin do awamil (factors) ka majmooa hai?
(a) Khatra aur Tayyari (Hazard and Preparedness)
(b) Khatra aur Kamzori (Hazard and Vulnerability)
(c) Kamzori aur Jawab (Vulnerability and Response)
(d) Aafat aur Bahaali (Disaster and Recovery)

10. 2004 ke Tsunami se Hindustan ka kaun sa hissa sabse zyada mutasir hua tha?
(a) Maghribi Sahil (Western Coast)
(b) Mashriqi Sahil aur Andaman Nicobar Jazair (Eastern Coast and Andaman Nicobar Islands)
(c) Shumali Maidan (Northern Plains)
(d) Thar Registaan (Thar Desert)

Jawabaat (Answers):

1. (b) - Andesha (potential) khatra hai, waqea (event) aafat hai.
2. (c) - India is divided into 5 seismic zones (Zone II to Zone V). Note: Zone I is not used now.
3. (b) - Bay of Bengal experiences more frequent and intense cyclones compared to the Arabian Sea.
4. (c) - Meteorological drought is defined based on rainfall deficiency.
5. (c) - Landslides are most common in hilly/mountainous regions due to steep slopes.
6. (d) - Mitigation involves taking steps before a disaster to reduce its potential impact.
7. (c) - NDMA is the apex body at the national level.
8. (c) - Landslide is a Terrestrial/Geological Hazard.
9. (b) - Risk is fundamentally understood as a function of the hazard itself and the vulnerability to it.
10. (b) - The Eastern coast (especially Tamil Nadu) and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands were severely affected.

Make sure you understand these concepts thoroughly. Revise the causes, impacts, distribution, and management strategies for each major hazard in India. Good luck with your preparation!